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GI Map Testing

At Home Gut Health Test:
Advanced Stool Test for 127+ Microbiome Labs Across 13 GI Testing Categories

At Home GI Map Testing – Advanced Gut Health Microbiome Stool Kit

An advanced all-in-one stool test that checks 13 GI categories, including H. pylori and zonulin. This comprehensive test provides a complete assessment of your gut health, helping to pinpoint the root cause of most GI complaints. With this combo GI mapping, gut health, and microbiome test, you can analyze 127+ microbiome labs, offering one of the most thorough GI mapping tests available online. Get clear answers about your gut health, identify the source of your symptoms, and take control—all from the comfort of home.

 

Why choose this advanced microbiome GI mapping test? Use this comprehensive gut map test to uncover the root cause of various digestive issues, including abdominal pain, bloating, gas, constipation, and diarrhea. Our combination testing methods—including PCR, ELISA, macroscopy, culture, and sensitivity analysis—ensure that any and all relevant organisms are identified. Get an advanced analysis of your gut microbiome to assess how well your body digests food, identify harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, and determine if you have a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria. Additionally, detect signs of inflammation and evaluate how effectively your body absorbs nutrients from food. Share your results with your physician, as the sensitivity analysis can help guide the proper selection of medicines and supplements needed to treat your symptoms.

 

  • Measures 127+ microbiome labs across 13 GI testing categories, including H. pylori and zonulin - view sample result
  • Gain clear, actionable insights with our easy-to-understand results guide — view interpretation guide
  • Stool sample collection
  • Same CLIA-certified lab test offered by physicians & hospitals
  • Shipped free (with same-day fulfillment for orders placed by 5 PM EST)
  • Need it faster – FedEx overnight shipping available

$599.00

Free Shipping, FSA/HSA Credit Card Payments Accepted

SKU: 4UKIT332 Category:

    4U Health GI Map Testing – Advanced Gut Health Microbiome Stool Kit

    At-Home Stool Test: Easy, Comprehensive, & Accurate

    Gain deep insights into your gut health with our advanced at-home stool test, delivered discreetly to your door for a private, hassle-free experience. The 4U Health advanced microbiome test kit includes everything you need for quick and painless stool sample collection, plus step-by-step instructions and a prepaid shipping label for easy lab return. Get access to the same trusted lab tests doctors use—without ever leaving home.

    gut health test kit

    Gut Health Test Kit

    Gut Microbiome Testing: When to Screen

    The GI – Advanced Profile is our most comprehensive stool test, designed to identify the root causes of your gut health concerns. With 127+ markers across 13 GI testing categories—including zonulin and H. pylori—this test surpasses our basic profile, offering unmatched accuracy for a thorough gut microbiome analysis. It helps uncover potential triggers of digestive issues, providing valuable insights to improve gut health. Take control of your health and get clear answers with this comprehensive stool test—an ideal solution for identifying the root cause of chronic GI issues, like diarrhea.

    This Microbiome Test Kit Might Be Right for You If:

    • You want a complete analysis of the gut microbiome to asses for imbalances that may contribute to certain health conditions:
    • Autoimmune disorders
    • Crohn’s disease
    • Gastrointestinal infections
    • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
    • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Ulcerative colitis
    • You are experiencing symptoms of imbalanced gut health:
    • Digestive
    • Abdominal pain
    • Bloating
    • Constipation
    • Diarrhea
    •  
    • Systemic whole-body:
    • Bad breath
    • Chronic yeast infections
    • Fatigue
    • Food intolerances
    • Inflammation
    •  
    • Gas
    • Heartburn
    • Indigestion
    • Mucus, pus, or blood in stool
    •  
    •  
    • Mood changes (anxiety, depression)
    • Joint pain
    • Skin problems (eczema, psoriasis)
    • Weight gain or loss
    • You are a parent
    • If your child has any of the digestive or systemic whole-body issues listed above, it may be beneficial to have them undergo microbiome testing.

    Combo GI Mapping, Gut Health, & Microbiome Test (All-in-One Kit)

    4U Health’s Advanced GI Profile kit is one of the most comprehensive at-home stool tests available online. Gain access to the same trusted lab screenings used by doctors and hospitals—all in one easy-to-use combo kit. From the privacy of your home, collect a stool sample to detect bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral pathogens, along with a complete GI mapping of your gut flora. We recommend sharing your results with your physician, as the sensitivity analysis and comprehensive findings can help guide the selection of medications and supplements to support your gut health. This all-inclusive stool test analyzes 127+ markers across 13 GI categories, including:

    • Key Phyla & Commensal Abundance (7)
    • Parasites & Worms (17)
    • Opportunistic Bacteria (15)
    • Potential AutoImmune Triggers (8)
    • Fungi & Yeast (14)
    • Bacterial Pathogens (14)
    • Viral Pathogens (5)
    • Normal Bacteria/Flora (17)
    • Macroscopy (4)
    • Short Chain Fatty Acids (5)
    • GIT Functional Markers (8)
    • Microbial Culture Along-side PCR (Dual Method) (2)
    • Antimicrobial Sensitivities (4)

    Accurate Gut Microbiome Testing Results

    Once we receive your stool sample, we’ll discreetly deliver your physician-reviewed results within approximately 10–14 business days. 4U Health’s Advanced GI Microbiome Test provides accurate, easy-to-understand results. Your report will indicate the presence of bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral pathogens, along with a comprehensive GI mapping of your gut flora. We recommend sharing your results with your physician, as the sensitivity analysis and detailed findings can help guide the selection of medications and supplements to support your gut health.

    Test Collection

    Why Test?

    All-in-One Stool Kit

    Certified Lab Results

    127+ Microbiome Labs Across 13 GI Categories

    • Bacterial Pathogens
    • Aeromonas sp.
    • Campylobacter sp.
    • Difficile, Toxin A
    • Difficile, Toxin B
    • Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli
    • Enteroinvasive E. coli/Shigella
    • Enterotoxigenic E. coli LT/ST
    • Shiga-like toxin E. coli stx 1
    • Shiga-like toxin E. coli stx 2
    •  
    • Enteroaggregative E. coli
    • Enteropathogenic E. coli
    • E. coli O157
    • Hypervirulent C. difficile
    • Salmonella sp.
    • Vibrio spp
    • Yersinia enterocolitica
    • Helicobacter pylori PCR & EIA
    • Pylori virulence factors (x11)
    • Opportunistic Bacteria
    • Bacillus sp.
    • Enterococcus faecalis
    • Enterococcus faecium
    • Morganella sp.
    • Pseudomonas sp.
    • Pseud. aeruginosa
    • Streptococcus species
    • Streptococcus aureus
    • Streptococcus agalactiae
    •  
    • Streptococcus anginosus
    • Streptococcus mutans
    • Streptococcus oralis
    • Streptococcus salivarius
    • Staph. aureus
    • Methanobacteriaceae
    • Desulfovibrio piger
    • Enterobacter sp.
    • Parasites & Worms
    • Cryptosporidium
    • Ent. Histolytica
    • Giardia Intestinalis
    • Blast. hominis
    • Dient. Fragilis
    • Endolimax nana
    • Ent. Coli
    • Pent. Hominis
    •  
    • Ascaris lumbricoides, round
    • Necator americanus, hook
    • Trichuris trichuria, round
    • Taenia species, tape
    • Enterob. Vermicularis
    • Strongyloides stercoralis
    • Enterocytozoon spp
    • Hymenolepis spp
    • Pot. AutoImmune Triggers
    • Citrobacter sp.
    • Citrobacter freundii
    • Klebsiella sp.
    • Klebsiella pneumoniae
    •  
    • Prevotella copri
    • Proteus sp.
    • Proteus mirabilis
    • Fusobacterium sp.
    • Fungi & Yeast
    • Candida sp.
    • Candida dubliniensis
    • Candida glabrata
    • Candida intermedia
    • Candida krusei
    • Candida lambica
    • Candida lusitaniae
    • Candida parapsilosis
    •  
    • Candida albicans
    • Candida famata
    • Candida kefyr
    • Candida lipolytica
    • Geotrichum sp.
    • Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    • Rhodotorula sp.
    • Viral Pathogens
    • Adenovirus 40/41
    • Norovirus GI/II
    • Rotavirus
    •  
    • Sapovirus (I,II,IV,V)
    • Astrovirus (hAstro)
    • Normal Bacteria/Flora
    • Bacteroides fragilis
    • Bifidobacterium sp.
    • Bifidobacterium adolescentis
    • Bifidobacterium bifidum
    • Bifidobacterium breve
    • Bifidobacterium longum
    • Enterococcus species
    • Lactobacillus species
    • Lactobacillus acidophilus
    •  
    • Lactobacillus casei
    • Lactobacillus delbrueckii
    • Lactobacillus plantarum
    • Lactobacillus rhamnosus
    • Lactobacillus salivarius
    • Clostridium sp.
    • Enterobacter sp.
    • Akkermansia muciniphila
    • Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
    • Key Phyla % Commensal Abundance
    • Bacteroidetes
    • Firmicutes
    • Firm/Bact Ratio
    • Proteobacteria
    •  
    • Actinobacteria
    • Verrucomicrobia
    • Euryarchaeota
    • Macroscopy
    • Stool Colour
    • Stool Form
    •  
    • Mucous
    • Occult Blood
    • Short Chain Fatty Acids
    • Butyrate
    • Acetate
    •  
    • Propionate
    • Valerate
    • GIT Functional Markers
    • Calprotectin
    • Pancreatic Elastase
    • Secretory IgA
    • Zonulin
    •  
    • b-Glucuronidase
    • Steatocrit
    • a-Transglutaminase IgA
    • PH Level
    • Microbial Culture Along-side PCR (Dual Method)
    • Bacteria
    •  
    • Yeasts
    • Antimicrobial Sensitivities
    • Antibiotics
    • Natural Inhibitors
    •  
    • Antifungals
    • Natural Antifungals

    Bacterial Pathogens

    Opportunistic Bacteria

    Parasites & Worms

    Pot. AutoImmune Triggers

    Fungi & Yeast

    Viral Pathogens

    Normal Bacteria/Flora

    Key Phyla % Commensal Abundance

    Macroscopy

    Short Chain Fatty Acids

    GIT Functional Markers

    Microbial Culture + PCR (Dual Method)

    Antimicrobial Sensitivities

    GI Map Testing Near Me:
    Online Options

    Basic Microbiome Test
    Core Gut Insights Made Easy
    Best GI Map Test

    GI Map Test:
    Basic Gut Health Test

    Includes 104 Markers Across 8 GI Testing Categories

    Best GI-Map Test

    Get essential insights into your gut health with this comprehensive
    starter test. It checks more than most tests online, detecting 7 key
    phyla and commensal abundance, along with 17 parasites and
    worms, 15 opportunistic bacteria, 8 potential autoimmune triggers,
    14 fungi and yeasts, 14 bacterial pathogens, 5 viral pathogens, and
    17 types of normal bacterial flora. Doctor-trusted for accurate
    results.
    GI comprehensive stool test.

    Best At Home GI Map Test

    • Measures 104 markers across 8 GI testing categories
      Best at home GI map test
    • Stool sample collection

    $349.00

    Free Shipping, FSA/HSA Credit Card Payments Accepted

    Advanced Microbiome Test
    Most Popular
    Best Comprehensive Stool Test

    Free Shipping, FSA/HSA Credit Card Payments Accepted

    gut microbiome testing kit

    Digital Results: Gut Microbiome Testing Kit

    Usually within 10–14 business days of your at home microbiome testing kit sample arriving at the lab, receive secure electronic GI map testing results on your device of choice.

    microbiome test

    Simple GI Map Test

    Easy-to-understand comprehensive stool test results across 13 GI categories.

    Individualized GI-Map Test

    Your personalized all-in-one combo test detects bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral pathogens, & provides a comprehensive GI mapping of your gut flora.

    Private GI Map Stool Test

    Hospital-grade stool microbiome test for accurate results—discreetly check your gut health status without ever leaving home.

    How To Test Gut Microbiome

    Order Your 4U Health Self Collection At Home Lab Test Kit

    Order Your Test

    Order your advanced gut health test online with express delivery. In 1 to 2 days your stool test kit will arrive in plain packaging, ensuring a confidential testing experience.
    stool test

    Collect Your Sample

    Your advanced microbiome test kit includes everything needed for at-home testing. Discreetly collect your stool sample in private using the provided supplies and instructions, then return them to the lab free of charge with the prepaid shipping label.
    4U Health Receive Your At Home Lab Test Digital Results

    Fast, Accurate Results

    Typically you’ll receive electronic GI mapping test results within 10-14 business days after receipt by the lab. Have complete trust in your at-home stool test lab report’s accuracy, as all 4U Health wellness lab kits provide hospital-grade certified results.
    Get Physician Support For Your 4U Health Self Collection At Home Lab Test

    Get Physician Support

    We’ve got you covered! A licensed physician orders your microbiome testing and reviews your results. Our clinicians provide physician oversight throughout the entire at home gut health testing process.

    $599.00

    Free Shipping, FSA/HSA Credit Card Payments Accepted

    $349.00

    Free Shipping, FSA/HSA Credit Card Payments Accepted

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What’s included in the Advanced Microbiome Test kit?

    Advanced Microbiome Test: Kit Contents

    You’ll receive everything you need in order to self-collect your comprehensive stool test specimens!

    • Pre-paid shipping both ways
    • Discreet packaging
    • Easy to follow instructions
    • Discreet stool collection kit
    • Return protective envelope to mail your stool sample to the lab for testing
    • Private electronic passcode protected results available from your phone or computer – view sample result
    • Printable report to share with your doctor
    • Help along the way if you need it

    Are microbiome tests accurate?

    Accurate Microbiome Test

    Yes, microbiome tests like the 4U Health Advanced Microbiome Test are highly accurate, thanks to the use of multiple advanced laboratory techniques. By combining different testing methods, we ensure precise and reliable results:

    PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Utilizing reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), this FDA-authorized technology detects pathogen DNA or RNA with exceptional sensitivity and specificity, making it ideal for identifying harmful bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

    ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): ELISA testing uses advanced automation to detect antibodies or antigens through spectrophotometry, providing reliable insights into immune responses and gut health markers.

    Macroscopy: A detailed visual examination of your stool sample can identify visible abnormalities, such as blood, mucus, or parasites, that may indicate underlying gastrointestinal issues.

    Culture & Sensitivity: Bacteria are cultivated from your stool sample to accurately identify harmful organisms. Sensitivity analysis then determines which medications will be most effective for treatment, offering actionable insights for your healthcare provider.

    By leveraging these comprehensive methods, the 4U Health Advanced Microbiome Test provides a detailed and accurate view of your gut health, helping to identify the root cause of symptoms and guide personalized treatment plans.

    What is GI map stool testing?

    GI Map Testing Explained

    GI mapping tests analyze your stool to evaluate the health of your digestive system, offering valuable insights into your gut microbiome. The 4U Health Advanced Gut Health Microbiome Stool Kit uses advanced laboratory techniques to detect pathogens, identify microbiome imbalances, and assess digestive function for a comprehensive understanding of your gut health.

    Advanced Microbiome Test Methodology

    Our most complete stool test uses the following methods for comprehensive analysis:

    PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): This FDA-authorized technique detects bacterial, viral, and parasitic DNA with high sensitivity and accuracy.

    ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): Measures specific antigens and antibodies to detect infections, inflammation, and immune responses.

    Macroscopy: A visual examination to identify abnormalities like blood, mucus, or parasites.

    Culture & Sensitivity: Bacterial and yeast cultures help identify pathogens, and sensitivity analysis determines the most effective medications for treatment.

    What does 4U Health's advanced GI mapping test for?

    Comprehensive GI Map Testing

    4U Health’s Advanced GI mapping stool test provides insights into:

    Pathogens: Detects bacteria, viruses, parasites, yeasts and fungi that may cause infections or gastrointestinal symptoms.

    Gut Microbiome Balance: Evaluates beneficial and harmful bacteria levels to assess overall microbiome health.

    Inflammation Markers: Identifies signs of inflammation that could be linked to conditions like IBS, IBD, or food sensitivities.

    Digestive Function: Assesses enzyme levels and markers like zonulin to detect leaky gut or malabsorption issues.

    What are the differences between 4U Health's Basic GI and Advanced GI Profiles?

    Key Differences: Basic GI vs. Advanced GI Profiles

    The 4U Health Basic GI Profile offers a comprehensive starting point for gut health testing. It goes beyond most other online stool tests by evaluating 7 key phyla and commensal abundance, as well as detecting 17 parasites and worms, 15 opportunistic bacteria, 8 potential autoimmune triggers, 14 fungi and yeasts, 14 bacterial pathogens, 5 viral pathogens, and 17 types of normal bacterial flora.

    If you’re looking for more detailed insights into your gut health, consider the 4U Health Advanced GI Profile. In addition to everything included in the Basic GI Profile, it provides an in-depth analysis with 5 short-chain fatty acids, 8 gastrointestinal functional markers, 4 macroscopy evaluations, 2 microbial cultures with dual-method PCR, and 4 antimicrobial sensitivities. Sharing your results with your physician can be valuable, as the sensitivity analysis helps guide the selection of appropriate medicines and supplements to address your symptoms. The Advanced GI Profile is one of the most comprehensive gut health tests available, providing all the necessary information to fully assess your digestive health in one complete kit.

    See the comparison of both test reports below:

    Is this a stool test for parasites?

    Stool Test for Parasites

    4U Health’s Advanced Microbiome Test checks for 17 parasites and worms, along with detecting 7 key phyla and commensal abundance, 15 opportunistic bacteria, 8 potential autoimmune triggers, 14 fungi and yeasts, 14 bacterial pathogens, 5 viral pathogens, and 17 types of normal bacterial flora.

    • Parasites & Worms
    • Cryptosporidium
    • Ent. Histolytica
    • Giardia Intestinalis
    • Blast. hominis
    • Dient. Fragilis
    • Endolimax nana
    • Ent. Coli
    • Pent. Hominis
    •  
    • Ascaris lumbricoides, round
    • Necator americanus, hook
    • Trichuris trichuria, round
    • Taenia species, tape
    • Enterob. Vermicularis
    • Strongyloides stercoralis
    • Enterocytozoon spp
    • Hymenolepis spp

    Is this a zonulin test?

    Zonulin Test

    Yes, 4U Health’s Advanced Microbiome Test detects for 8 GIT functional markers, including zonulin. Additionally, it detects for 17 parasites and worms, along with detecting 7 key phyla and commensal abundance, 15 opportunistic bacteria, 8 potential autoimmune triggers, 14 fungi and yeasts, 14 bacterial pathogens, 5 viral pathogens, and 17 types of normal bacterial flora and much more.

    What is a zonulin test?

    A zonulin test measures the levels of zonulin, a protein that regulates the tight junctions of the intestinal lining. Elevated zonulin levels may indicate increased intestinal permeability, often referred to as “leaky gut.” This condition can allow toxins, bacteria, and undigested food particles to pass through the gut barrier and enter the bloodstream, potentially triggering inflammation and contributing to various health issues. Monitoring zonulin levels can provide valuable insights into your gut health and help guide appropriate treatment strategies.

    Does this stool kit test for H pylori?

    H Pylori Test

    4U Health’s Advanced Microbiome Test checks for Helicobacter pylori (h pylori) by PCR & EIA, and is included in the bacterial pathogens section of the report.

    • Bacterial Pathogens
    • Aeromonas sp.
    • Campylobacter sp.
    • Difficile, Toxin A
    • Difficile, Toxin B
    • Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli
    • Enteroinvasive E. coli/Shigella
    • Enterotoxigenic E. coli LT/ST
    • Shiga-like toxin E. coli stx 1
    • Shiga-like toxin E. coli stx 2
    •  
    • Enteroaggregative E. coli
    • Enteropathogenic E. coli
    • E. coli O157
    • Hypervirulent C. difficile
    • Salmonella sp.
    • Vibrio spp
    • Yersinia enterocolitica
    • Helicobacter pylori PCR & EIA
    • Pylori virulence factors (x11)

    How long does a stool test take?

    4U Health Stool Test Result Time

    With 4U Health’s Advanced Gut Health Microbiome Stool Kit, you can expect your results within 10 to 14 business days after the lab receives your sample. Part of the process involves culturing potential bacterial, yeast, and fungal samples, which require time to incubate for accurate analysis.

    How often should GI stool testing be repeated?

    GI Test Timeline

    The frequency of GI stool testing depends on your health status and the specific concerns being addressed. Physicians typically recommend retesting 1 to 3 months after completing a medical intervention.

    Following lifestyle changes, supplement use, or medication treatments, gastrointestinal practitioners often suggest follow-up tests to assess the effectiveness of the intervention and monitor changes in your gut microflora over time.

    These follow-up tests help ensure that your treatment plan is on track and guide any necessary adjustments to optimize gut health.

    For personalized advice based on your unique situation, we recommend consulting with your attending physician to determine the best time for retesting.

    Can I buy this at home gut health test now and use it later?

    At Home Gut Health Test: Use-By Date

    Test now or later. This at home gut health test has a guaranteed expiration date of at least July 3rd, 2025. That’s great news if you are buying more than one to track your health over time.

    Can I gift this gut microbiome test to a friend or family member?

    Gift a Free Gut Microbiome Test Kit

    4U Health’s Advanced Gut Microbiome Test is eligible for gifting. In fact, all 4U Health tests make great presents. The recipient who receives your gifted free test for GI mapping will simply open the kit, register it, and follow the collection instructions. Within a few days of sending to the lab, your significant other, friend or family member will receive secure electronic HIPAA compliant stool test results all thanks to your generosity.

    Will my GI mapping test kit be covered by insurance?

    GI Mapping Test: Insurance Coverage

    Take control of your health with 4U Health’s GI mapping test—pay upfront with no surprise medical bills. Please note that most insurance carriers typically cover only limited stool test markers and do not include the comprehensive screening offered by this Advanced Microbiome Profile. Additionally, insurance plans often limit how frequently you can test. 4U Health is not enrolled in Medicare or any private insurance networks, meaning this at-home GI mapping test is not eligible for reimbursement through Medicare or other federal or state-funded insurance programs. This makes it an excellent choice for those who prefer thorough stool testing, wish to retest more frequently, or value a confidential testing experience.

    How is my privacy protected throughout at home stool testing process?

    Private Stool Sample Testing

    Rest assured, HIPAA security standards protect your data every step of the way while determining your gut health status. Keeping your confidential information secure is our top priority. We only share your data when required to deliver our products and services or where legally obligated to do so. No one outside of our partner lab or consulting physicians will receive your results—your privacy is guaranteed, and you control access to your health information and who you choose to share it with.

    Advanced Microbiome Test product page reference list

    4U Health GI Map Testing: Advanced Microbiome Test Reference List

    Aziz M, Yelamanchili V. (2023) Yersinia Enterocolitica. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. URL. Accessed 23 March, 2025.

    Barbaro MR, Cremon C, Morselli-Labate AM, Di Sabatino A, Giuffrida P, et al. Serum zonulin and its diagnostic performance in non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Gut. 2020 Nov;69(11):1966-1974.

    Barone M, Turroni S, Rampelli S, Soverini M, D’Amico F, Biagi E, Brigidi P, Troiani E, Candela M. Gut microbiome response to a modern Paleolithic diet in a Western lifestyle context. PLoS One. 2019 Aug 8;14(8):e0220619.

    Beam A, Clinger E, Hao L. Effect of Diet and Dietary Components on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2021 Aug 15;13(8):2795.

    Blekhman R, Goodrich JK, Huang K, Sun Q, Bukowski R, Bell JT, Spector TD, Keinan A, Ley RE, Gevers D, Clark AG. Host genetic variation impacts microbiome composition across human body sites. Genome Biol. 2015 Sep 15;16(1):191.

    Bouchet F, Guidon N, Dittmar K, Harter S, Ferreira L, et al. Parasite Remains in Archaeological Sites. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2003;98(suppl1):47-52.

    Brahe LK, Le Chatelier E, Prifti E, Pons N, Kennedy S, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Astrup A, Ehrlich SD, Larsen LH. Specific gut microbiota features and metabolic markers in postmenopausal women with obesity. Nutr Diabetes. 2015 Jun 15;5(6):e159.

    Brand H, Diergaarde B, O’Connell M, Whitcomb D, Brand R. Variation in the ?-Glutamyltransferase 1 Gene and Risk of Chronic Pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2013;42(5):836-840.

    Buford TW. (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease. Microbiome. 2017 Jul 14;5(1):80.

    Caccaro R, Angriman I, D’Incà R. Relevance of fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin in the post-operative management of inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2016;8(3):193.

    Camilleri M, Busciglio I, Acosta A, Shin A, Carlson P, et al. Effect of Increased Bile Acid Synthesis or Fecal Excretion in Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(10)16:21-1630.

    Cardoneanu A, Cozma S, Rezus C, Petrariu F, Burlui AM, Rezus E. Characteristics of the intestinal microbiome in ankylosing spondylitis. Exp Ther Med. 2021 Jul;22(1):676.

    Carter GP, Rood JI, Lyras D. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Past and present perspectives. Gut Microbes. 2010 Jan;1(1):58-64.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017) Parasites. URL. Accessed 23 March 2025.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) Controlling the Spread of Infections in Evacuation Centers. URL. Accessed 23 March 2025.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) Core Elements of Antibiotic Stewardship. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. URL. Accessed 25 March 2025.

    Cepon-Robins TJ, Mallott EK, Recca IC, Gildner TE. Evidence and potential drivers of neglected parasitic helminth and protist infections among a small preliminary sample of children from rural Mississippi. Am J Hum Biol. 2023 Jul;35(7):e23889.

    Chakaroun RM, Massier L, Kovacs P. Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability, and Tissue Bacteria in Metabolic Disease: Perpetrators or Bystanders? Nutrients. 2020 Apr 14;12(4):1082.

    Chang SH, Choi Y. Gut dysbiosis in autoimmune diseases: Association with mortality. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023 Mar 31;13:1157918.

    Chang WL, Yeh YC, Sheu BS. The impacts of H. pylori virulence factors on the development of gastroduodenal diseases. J Biomed Sci. 2018 Sep 11;25(1):68.

    Chatterjee A, Bandyopadhyay S. Herbal Remedy: An Alternate Therapy of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Induced Gastric Ulcer Healing. Ulcers. 2014; URL. Accessed 23 March, 2025.

    Chen Y, Xu J, Chen Y. Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients. 2021 Jun 19;13(6):2099.

    Cheng Y, Ling Z, Li L. The Intestinal Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol. 2020 Nov 30;11:615056.

    Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb;112(2):212-239.

    Chénard T, Malick M, Dubé J, Massé E. The influence of blood on the human gut microbiome. BMC Microbiol. 2020 Mar 3;20(1):44.

    Claus SP, Guillou H, Ellero-Simatos S. The gut microbiota: a major player in the toxicity of environmental pollutants? NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2016 May 4;2:16003.

    Compaoré C, Kemta Lekpa F, Nebie L, Niamba P, Niakara A. Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Aug;52(8):1534-5.

    Conway T, Cohen PS. Commensal and Pathogenic Escherichia coli Metabolism in the Gut. Microbiol Spectr. 2015 Jun;3(3):10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0006-2014.

    Cortez V, Meliopoulos VA, Karlsson EA, Hargest V, Johnson C, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus Biology and Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Virol. 2017 Sep 29;4(1):327-348.

    Coryell M, Roggenbeck BA, Walk ST. The Human Gut Microbiome’s Influence on Arsenic Toxicity. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2019 Dec;5(6):491-504.

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